INDEPENDENT

Not dependent; not subject to control, restriction, modification, or limitation from a given outside source. Independent contract. See Contract. Independent contractor. In the law of agency and of master and servant, an independent contractor is one who, exercising an independent employment, contracts to do a piece of work according to his own methods and without being subject to the control of his employer except as to the result of the work; one who contracts to perform the work at his own risk and cost, the workmen being his servants, and he, and not the person with whom he contracts, being liable for their fault or misconduct. People v. Orange County Road Const. Co., 175 N. Y. 84, 67 N. E. 129, 65 L. R, A. 33; Waters v. Pioneer Fuel Co., 52 Minn. 474, 55 N. W. 52, 38 Am. St. Rep. 564; Smith v. Simmons, 103 Pa. 36, 49 Am. Rep. 113; Holmes v. Tennessee Coal, etc., Co., 49 La. Ann. 1465, 22 South. 403; Bibb v. Norfolk & W. R. Co., 87 Va. 711, 14 S. E. 165; Louthan v. Hewes, 138 Cal. 116, 70 Pac. 1065. Independent covenant. See Covenant. Independenter se babet assecuratio a viaggio navis. The voyage insured is an independent or distinct thing from the voyage of the ship. 3 Kent, Comm. 318, note.