In international law. A species of retaliation, which takes place where a government, whose citizens are subjected to severe and stringent regulation or fearsh treatment by a foreign government employs measures of equal severity and harshness upon the subjects of the latter government found within its dominions. See Vattel, lib. 2, c 18, … [Read more...]

A change made that is then applied to a previous point in time and rolled forward as if that change was made in the past. Typically this refers to statutes or rulings that will have an impact prior to the date of enaction. In most instances, such laws are prohibited, e.g. the increase of criminal penalties to take effect as if promulgated one year earlier is unconstitutional … [Read more...]

An indorsement may be so worded as to restrict the further negotiability of the instrument, and it is then called a "restrictive indorsement." Thus, "Pay the contents to J. S. only," or "to J. S. for my use," are restrictive indorsements, and put an end to the negotiability of the paper. 1 Daniel, Neg. Inst … [Read more...]

The taking one's goods, wife, child, from another, who with-out right has taken possession thereof. Vide Recaption; Rescue. … [Read more...]

See rest; a party rests its case or ends its argument. … [Read more...]