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In international law. A species of retaliation, which takes place where a government, whose citizens are subjected to severe and stringent regulation or fearsh treatment by a foreign government employs measures of equal severity and harshness upon the subjects of the latter government found within its dominions. See Vattel, lib. 2, c 18, … [Read more...] about RETORSION

A change made that is then applied to a previous point in time and rolled forward as if that change was made in the past. Typically this refers to statutes or rulings that will have an impact prior to the date of enaction. In most instances, such laws are prohibited, e.g. the increase of criminal penalties to take effect as if promulgated one year earlier is unconstitutional … [Read more...] about RETROACTIVE

In Scotch law. To return a Writ to the office in chancery from which it issued. … [Read more...] about RETOUR

civil law. When the assignee of heritable rights conveys his rights back to the cedent, it is called a retrocession. … [Read more...] about RETROCESSION

In Scotch law. A certified copy of a verdict establishing the legal character of a party as heir to a decedent … [Read more...] about RETOUR OF SERVICE